preamble of indian constitution

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST`[Note 1] SECULAR[Note 1] DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity[Note 1] of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

”

olympic 2008

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	China (CHN)	51	21	28	100
2	United States (USA)	36	38	36	110
3	Russia (RUS)	23	21	28	72
4	Great Britain (GBR)	19	13	15	47
5	Germany (GER)	16	10	15	41
6	Australia (AUS)	14	15	17	46
7	South Korea (KOR)	13	10	8	31
8	Japan (JPN)	9	6	10	25
9	Italy (ITA)	8	10	10	28
10	France (FRA)	7	16	17	40

india in olympics

Medal	Name	Games	Sport	Event
2 Silver	Pritchard, NormanNorman Pritchard*	1900 Paris	Athletics	Men’s 200 metres
2 Silver	Pritchard, NormanNorman Pritchard*	1900 Paris	Athletics	Men’s 200 metre hurdles
1 Gold	National team	1928 Amsterdam	Field hockey	Men’s competition
1 Gold	National team	1932 Los Angeles	Field hockey	Men’s competition
1 Gold	National team	1936 Berlin	Field hockey	Men’s competition
1 Gold	National team	1948 London	Field hockey	Men’s competition
1 Gold	National team	1952 Helsinki	Field hockey	Men’s competition
3 Bronze	Jadhav, Khashaba DadasahebKhashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav	1952 Helsinki	Wrestling	Men’s freestyle bantamweight
1 Gold	National team	1956 Melbourne	Field hockey	Men’s competition
2 Silver	National team	1960 Rome	Field hockey	Men’s competition
1 Gold	National team	1964 Tokyo	Field hockey	Men’s competition
3 Bronze	National team	1968 Mexico	Field hockey	Men’s competition
3 Bronze	National team	1972 Munich	Field hockey	Men’s competition
1 Gold	National team	1980 Moscow	Field hockey	Men’s competition
3 Bronze	Paes, LeanderLeander Paes	1996 Atlanta	Tennis	Men’s singles
3 Bronze	Malleswari, KarnamKarnam Malleswari	2000 Sydney	Weightlifting	Women’s 69 kg
2 Silver	Rathore, Rajyavardhan SinghRajyavardhan Singh Rathore	2004 Athens	Shooting	Men’s double trap
1 Gold	Bindra, AbhinavAbhinav Bindra	2008 Beijing	Shooting	Men’s 10m Air Rifle
3 Bronze	Kumar, SushilSushil Kumar	2008 Beijing	Wrestling	Men’s 66 Kg Freestyle
3 Bronze	Kumar, VijenderVijender Kumar	2008 Beijing	Boxing	Men’s 75 Kg

• IOC regards this medal is credited to India, and International committees credits to Great Britain.

[edit] Medal tables

See also: All-time Olympic Games medal count

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1900 Paris	0	2	0	2
1904 St. Louis	did not participate
1908 London	did not participate
1912 Stockholm	did not participate
1920 Antwerp	0	0	0	0
1924 Paris	0	0	0	0
1928 Amsterdam	1	0	0	1
1932 Los Angeles	1	0	0	1
1936 Berlin	1	0	0	1
1948 London	1	0	0	1
1952 Helsinki	1	0	1	2
1956 Melbourne	1	0	0	1
1960 Rome	0	1	0	1
1964 Tokyo	1	0	0	1
1968 Mexico City	0	0	1	1
1972 Munich	0	0	1	1
1976 Montreal	0	0	0	0
1980 Moscow	1	0	0	1
1984 Los Angeles	0	0	0	0
1988 Seoul	0	0	0	0
1992 Barcelona	0	0	0	0
1996 Atlanta	0	0	1	1
2000 Sydney	0	0	1	1
2004 Athens	0	1	0	1
2008 Beijing	1	0	2	3
Total	9	4	7	20

[edit] Medals by sport

Sport	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
Field hockey	8	1	2	11
Shooting	1	1	0	2
Athletics	0	2	0	2
Wrestling	0	0	2	2
Weightlifting	0	0	1	1
Tennis	0	0	1	1
Boxing	0	0	1	1
Total	9	4	7	20

secretories of uno

Secretaries-General of the United Nations^[13]

No.	Name	Country of origin	Took office	Left office	Note
1	Trygve Lie	Norway	2 February 1946	10 November 1952	Resigned
2	Dag Hammarskjöld	Sweden	10 April 1953	18 September 1961	Died while in office
3	U Thant	Burma	30 November 1961	1 January 1972	First Secretary-General from Asia
4	Kurt Waldheim	Austria	1 January 1972	1 January 1982
5	Javier Pérez de Cuéllar	Peru	1 January 1982	1 January 1992	First Secretary-General from South America
6	Boutros Boutros-Ghali	Egypt	1 January 1992	1 January 1997	First Secretary-General from Africa
7	Kofi Annan	Ghana	1 January 1997	1 January 2007
8	Ban Ki-moon	South Korea	1 January 2007	Incumbent

deputy prime ministers of india

Name		Portrait	Entered office	Left office	Date of Birth and Death	Political party
1	Sardar Patel		15 August 1947	15 December 1950 *	31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950	Indian National Congress
2	Morarji Desai		21 March 1967	6 December 1969 **	29 February 1896 – 10 April 1995	Indian National Congress
3	Choudhary Charan Singh		28 July 1979	9 October 1979 **	23 December 1902 – 29 May 1987	Janata Party
4	Jagjivan Ram		9 October 1979	10 December 1979	5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986	Janata Party
5	Yashwantrao Chavan		10 December 1979	14 January 1980 ***	12 March 1913 – 25 November 1984	Janata Party
6	Chaudhari Devi Lal		19 October 1989	21 June 1991	23 July 1914 – 14 November 2001	Janata Dal
7	Lal Krishna Advani		29 June 2002	20 May 2004	8 November 1927 – present	Bharatiya Janata Party

vice presidents of india

No.	Vice-President	Took office	Left office	President
1	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan	13 May 1952	12 May 1962	Rajendra Prasad
2	Zakir Hussain	13 May 1962	12 May 1967	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
3	Varahagiri Venkata Giri	13 May 1967	3 May 1969	Zakir Hussain
4	Gopal Swarup Pathak	31 August 1969	30 August 1974	Varahagiri Venkata Giri
5	Basappa Danappa Jatti	31 August 1974	30 August 1979	Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
6	Muhammad Hidayat Ullah	31 August 1979	30 August 1984	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
7	Ramaswamy Venkataraman	31 August 1984	27 July 1987	Giani Zail Singh
8	Shankar Dayal Sharma	3 September 1987	24 July 1992	Ramaswamy Venkataraman
9	Kocheril Raman Narayanan	21 August 1992	24 July 1997	Shankar Dayal Sharma
10[2]	Krishan Kant	21 August 1997	27 July 2002	Kocheril Raman Narayanan
11	Bhairon Singh Shekhawat	19 August 2002	21 July 2007	A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
12	Mohammad Hamid Ansari[3]	11 August 2007	Incumbent	Pratibha Patil

presidents of india

	Name	Portrait	Took office	Left office	Political party		Vice President	Notes
1	Rajendra Prasad		26 January 1950	13 May 1962	Indian National Congress		Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan	Prasad was the first President of independent India.[7][8] He was also an independence activist of the Indian Independence Movement.[9] Prasad was the only president to serve for two terms in office.[4]
2	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan		13 May 1962	13 May 1967	Independent		Zakir Hussain	Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher, writer, a Knight of the Realm and also held the position of vice chancellor of the Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University.[10] He was also made a Knight of the Golden Army of Angels by Pope Paul VI.[11]
3	Zakir Hussain		13 May 1967	3 May 1969	Independent		Varahagiri Venkata Giri	Hussain was vice chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a recipient of Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna.[12] He died before his term of office was ended.
	Varahagiri Venkata Giri *		3 May 1969	20 July 1969	Independent			Giri was appointed as acting president following the death of Hussain.[13] He resigned in a few months to take part in the presidential elections.[5]
	Muhammad Hidayatullah *		20 July 1969	24 August 1969	Independent			Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India, and was a recipient of the Order of the British Empire.[14] He served as acting president until the election of Giri as the President of India.
4	Varahagiri Venkata Giri		24 August 1969	24 August 1974	Independent		Gopal Swarup Pathak	Giri is the only person to have served as both an acting president and president of India. He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna, and has functioned as Indian Minister of Labour and High Commissioner to Ceylon (Sri Lanka).[15]
5	Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed		24 August 1974	11 February 1977	Indian National Congress		Basappa Danappa Jatti	Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president. He died in 1977 before his term of office ended, and was the second Indian president to have died during a term of office.[16]
	Basappa Danappa Jatti *		11 February 1977	25 July 1977	Independent			Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed’s term of office, and was sworn in as acting president upon Ahmed’s death. He earlier functioned as the Chief Minister for the State of Mysore.[16][17]
6	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy		25 July 1977	25 July 1982	Janata Party		Muhammad Hidayatullah	Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh.[18] He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India.
7	Giani Zail Singh		25 July 1982	25 July 1987	Indian National Congress		Ramaswamy Venkataraman	In March 1972, Singh assumed the position of chief Minister of Punjab, and in 1980, he became Union Home Minister.[19]
8	Ramaswamy Venkataraman		25 July 1987	25 July 1992	Indian National Congress		Shankar Dayal Sharma	In 1942, Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in the India’s independence movement.[20] After his release, he was elected to independent India’s Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government, where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence.[21]
9	Shankar Dayal Sharma		25 July 1992	25 July 1997	Indian National Congress		Kocheril Raman Narayanan	Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, and the Indian Minister for Communications. He has also served as the governor of Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra.[22]
10	Kocheril Raman Narayanan		25 July 1997	25 July 2002	Independent		Krishan Kant	Narayanan served as India’s ambassador to Thailand, Turkey, China and United States of America. He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities.[23] He was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University.[24]
11	A. P. J. Abdul Kalam		25 July 2002	25 July 2007	Independent		Bhairon Singh Shekhawat	Kalam was a scientist who played a leading role in the development of India’s ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs.[25] Kalam also received the Bharat Ratna.
12	Pratibha Patil		25 July 2007	Incumbent	Indian National Congress		Mohammad Hamid Ansari	Patil was the first woman to become President of India. She was also the first female Governor of Rajasthan.

female noble laureates

	Image	Laureate	Country	Category	Rationale
1903		Curie, MarieMarie Curie (shared with Pierre Curie)	France	Physics	“in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel“[8]
1905		von Suttner, BerthaBertha von Suttner	Austria–Hungary	Peace	Honorary President of Permanent International Peace Bureau, Berne, Switzerland; Author of Lay Down Your Arms.[10]
1909		Lagerlöf, SelmaSelma Lagerlöf	Sweden	Literature	“in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings”[11]
1911		Curie, MarieMarie Curie	France	Chemistry	“for her discovery of radium and polonium“[12]
1926		Deledda, GraziaGrazia Deledda	Italy	Literature	“for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general”[13]
1928		Undset, SigridSigrid Undset	Norway	Literature	“principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages”[14]
1931		Addams, JaneJane Addams (shared with Nicholas Murray Butler)	United States	Peace	Sociologist; International President, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.[15]
1935		Joliot-Curie, IrèneIrène Joliot-Curie (shared with Frédéric Joliot-Curie)	France	Chemistry	“for their synthesis of new radioactive elements”[16]
1938		Buck, Pearl S.Pearl S. Buck	United States	Literature	“for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces”[17]
1945		Mistral, GabrielaGabriela Mistral	Chile	Literature	“for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world”[18]
1946		Balch, Emily GreeneEmily Greene Balch (shared with John Raleigh Mott)	United States	Peace	Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.[19]
1947		Cori, Gerty TheresaGerty Theresa Cori (shared with Carl Ferdinand Cori)	United States	Physiology or Medicine	“for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen“[20]
1963		Goeppert-Mayer, MariaMaria Goeppert-Mayer (shared with J. Hans D. Jensen)	United States	Physics	“for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure”[21]
1964		Hodgkin, Dorothy CrowfootDorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin	United Kingdom	Chemistry	“for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances”[22]
1966		Sachs, NellyNelly Sachs	Sweden	Literature	“for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel’s destiny with touching strength”[23]
1976		Williams, BettyBetty Williams	United Kingdom	Peace	Founder of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)[24]
1976		Corrigan, MaireadMairead Corrigan	United Kingdom	Peace	Founder of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)[24]
1977		Yalow, RosalynRosalyn Yalow	United States	Physiology or Medicine	“for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones“[25]
1979		Teresa, MotherMother Teresa	India	Peace	Leader of Missionaries of Charity, Calcutta.[26]
1982		Myrdal, AlvaAlva Myrdal (shared with Alfonso García Robles)	Sweden	Peace	Former Cabinet Minister; Diplomat; Writer.[27]
1983		McClintock, BarbaraBarbara McClintock	United States	Physiology or Medicine	“for her discovery of mobile genetic elements“[28]
1986		Levi-Montalcini, RitaRita Levi-Montalcini (shared with Stanley Cohen)	Italy, United States	Physiology or Medicine	“for their discoveries of growth factors“[29]
1988		Elion, Gertrude B.Gertrude B. Elion (shared with James W. Black and George H. Hitchings)	United States	Physiology or Medicine	“for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment“[30]
1991		Gordimer, NadineNadine Gordimer	South Africa	Literature	“who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity”[31]
1991		Suu Kyi, Aung SanAung San Suu Kyi	Burma	Peace	“for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights”[32]
1992		Menchú, RigobertaRigoberta Menchú	Guatemala	Peace	“in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples”[33]
1993		Morrison, ToniToni Morrison	United States	Literature	“who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality”[34]
1995		Nüsslein-Volhard, ChristianeChristiane Nüsslein-Volhard (shared with Edward B. Lewis and Eric F. Wieschaus)	Germany	Physiology or Medicine	“for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development“[35]
1996		Szymborska, WisławaWisława Szymborska	Poland	Literature	“for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality”[36]
1997		Williams, JodyJody Williams (shared with the International Campaign to Ban Landmines)	United States	Peace	“for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines”[37]
2003		Ebadi, ShirinShirin Ebadi	Iran	Peace	“for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children”[38]
2004		Jelinek, ElfriedeElfriede Jelinek	Austria	Literature	“for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society’s clichés and their subjugating power”[39]
2004		Maathai, WangariWangari Maathai	Kenya	Peace	“for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace”[40]
2004		Buck, Linda B.Linda B. Buck (shared with Richard Axel)	United States	Physiology or Medicine	“for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system“[41]
2007		Lessing, DorisDoris Lessing	United Kingdom	Literature	“that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny”[42]
2008		Barré-Sinoussi, FrançoiseFrançoise Barré-Sinoussi (shared with Harald zur Hausen and Luc Montagnier)	France	Physiology or Medicine	“for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus“

noble prize

Year	Physics	Chemistry	Physiology or Medicine	Literature	Peace	Economics
1901	Röntgen, Wilhelm ConradWilhelm Conrad Röntgen	van ‘t Hoff, Jacobus H.Jacobus H. van ‘t Hoff	von Behring, EmilEmil von Behring	Prudhomme, SullySully Prudhomme	Dunant, HenryHenry Dunant; Passy, FrédéricFrédéric Passy	—
1902	Lorentz, Hendrik A.Hendrik A. Lorentz; Zeeman, PieterPieter Zeeman	Fischer, Hermann EmilHermann Emil Fischer	Ross, RonaldRonald Ross	Mommsen, TheodorTheodor Mommsen	Ducommun, ÉlieÉlie Ducommun; Gobat, AlbertAlbert Gobat	—
1903	Becquerel, HenriHenri Becquerel; Curie, PierrePierre Curie; Curie, MarieMarie Curie	Arrhenius, SvanteSvante Arrhenius	Finsen, Niels RybergNiels Ryberg Finsen	Bjørnson, BjørnstjerneBjørnstjerne Bjørnson	Cremer, RandalRandal Cremer	—
1904	Rayleigh, LordLord Rayleigh	Ramsay, WilliamWilliam Ramsay	Pavlov, Ivan PetrovichIvan Petrovich Pavlov	Mistral, FrédéricFrédéric Mistral; Echegaray, JoséJosé Echegaray	Institut de Droit International	—
1905	Lenard, PhilippPhilipp Lenard	von Baeyer, AdolfAdolf von Baeyer	Koch, RobertRobert Koch	Sienkiewicz, HenrykHenryk Sienkiewicz	von Suttner, BerthaBertha von Suttner	—
1906	Thomson, J.J.J.J. Thomson	Moissan, HenriHenri Moissan	Golgi, CamilloCamillo Golgi; Ramón y Cajal, SantiagoSantiago Ramón y Cajal	Carducci, GiosuèGiosuè Carducci	Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt	—
1907	Michelson, Albert A.Albert A. Michelson	Buchner, EduardEduard Buchner	Laveran, Charles Louis AlphonseCharles Louis Alphonse Laveran	Kipling, RudyardRudyard Kipling	Moneta, Ernesto TeodoroErnesto Teodoro Moneta	—
1908	Lippmann, GabrielGabriel Lippmann	Rutherford, ErnestErnest Rutherford	Mechnikov, Ilya IlyichIlya Ilyich Mechnikov; Ehrlich, PaulPaul Ehrlich	Eucken, Rudolf ChristophRudolf Christoph Eucken	Arnoldson, Klas PontusKlas Pontus Arnoldson; Bajer, FredrikFredrik Bajer	—
1909	Braun, FerdinandFerdinand Braun; Marconi, GuglielmoGuglielmo Marconi	Ostwald, WilhelmWilhelm Ostwald	Kocher, Emil TheodorEmil Theodor Kocher	Lagerlöf, SelmaSelma Lagerlöf	Beernaert, Auguste Marie FrançoisAuguste Marie François Beernaert; d’Estournelles de Constant, Paul-Henri-BenjaminPaul-Henri-Benjamin d’Estournelles de Constant	—
1910	van der Waals, Johannes DiderikJohannes Diderik van der Waals	Wallach, OttoOtto Wallach	Kossel, AlbrechtAlbrecht Kossel	Heyse, PaulPaul Heyse	International Peace Bureau	—
1911	Wien, WilhelmWilhelm Wien	Curie, MarieMarie Curie	Gullstrand, AllvarAllvar Gullstrand	Maeterlinck, MauriceMaurice Maeterlinck	Asser, Tobias Michael CarelTobias Michael Carel Asser; Fried, Alfred HermannAlfred Hermann Fried	—
1912	Dalén, GustafGustaf Dalén	Grignard, VictorVictor Grignard; Sabatier, PaulPaul Sabatier	Carrel, AlexisAlexis Carrel	Hauptmann, GerhartGerhart Hauptmann	Root, ElihuElihu Root	—
1913	Onnes, Heike KamerlinghHeike Kamerlingh Onnes	Werner, AlfredAlfred Werner	Richet, Charles RobertCharles Robert Richet	Tagore, RabindranathRabindranath Tagore	La Fontaine, HenriHenri La Fontaine	—
1914	von Laue, MaxMax von Laue	Richards, Theodore WilliamTheodore William Richards	Bárány, RobertRobert Bárány	None	None	—
1915	Bragg, William HenryWilliam Henry Bragg; Bragg, William LawrenceWilliam Lawrence Bragg	Willstätter, Richard MartinRichard Martin Willstätter	None	Rolland, RomainRomain Rolland	None	—
1916	None	None	None	von Heidenstam, VernerVerner von Heidenstam	None	—
1917	Barkla, Charles GloverCharles Glover Barkla	None	None	Gjellerup, Karl AdolphKarl Adolph Gjellerup; Pontoppidan, HenrikHenrik Pontoppidan	International Committee of the Red Cross	—
1918	Planck, MaxMax Planck	Haber, FritzFritz Haber	None	None	None	—
1919	Stark, JohannesJohannes Stark	None	Bordet, JulesJules Bordet	Spitteler, CarlCarl Spitteler	Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson	—
1920	Guillaume, Charles EdouardCharles Edouard Guillaume	Nernst, Walther HermannWalther Hermann Nernst	Krogh, AugustAugust Krogh	Hamsun, KnutKnut Hamsun	Bourgeois, LéonLéon Bourgeois	—
1921	Einstein, AlbertAlbert Einstein	Soddy, FrederickFrederick Soddy	None	France, AnatoleAnatole France	Branting, HjalmarHjalmar Branting; Lange, Christian LousChristian Lous Lange	—
1922	Bohr, NielsNiels Bohr	Aston, Francis WilliamFrancis William Aston	Hill, ArchibaldArchibald Hill; Meyerhof, Otto FritzOtto Fritz Meyerhof	Benavente, JacintoJacinto Benavente	Nansen, FridtjofFridtjof Nansen	—
1923	Millikan, Robert A.Robert A. Millikan	Pregl, FritzFritz Pregl	Banting, FrederickFrederick Banting; Macleod, John James RichardJohn James Richard Macleod	Yeats, William ButlerWilliam Butler Yeats	None	—
1924	Siegbahn, ManneManne Siegbahn	None	Einthoven, WillemWillem Einthoven	Reymont, WładysławWładysław Reymont	None	—
1925	Franck, JamesJames Franck; Hertz, GustavGustav Hertz	Zsigmondy, Richard AdolfRichard Adolf Zsigmondy	None	Shaw, George BernardGeorge Bernard Shaw	Chamberlain, AustenAusten Chamberlain; Dawes, Charles G.Charles G. Dawes	—
1926	Perrin, Jean BaptisteJean Baptiste Perrin	Svedberg, TheodorTheodor Svedberg	Fibiger, Johannes Andreas GribJohannes Andreas Grib Fibiger	Deledda, GraziaGrazia Deledda	Briand, AristideAristide Briand; Stresemann, GustavGustav Stresemann	—
1927	Compton, Arthur H.Arthur H. Compton; Wilson, C.T.R.C.T.R. Wilson	Wieland, Heinrich OttoHeinrich Otto Wieland	Wagner-Jauregg, JuliusJulius Wagner-Jauregg	Bergson, HenriHenri Bergson	Buisson, FerdinandFerdinand Buisson; Quidde, LudwigLudwig Quidde	—
1928	Richardson, Owen WillansOwen Willans Richardson	Windaus, Adolf Otto ReinholdAdolf Otto Reinhold Windaus	Nicolle, CharlesCharles Nicolle	Undset, SigridSigrid Undset	None	—
1929	de Broglie, LouisLouis de Broglie	Harden, ArthurArthur Harden; von Euler-Chelpin, HansHans von Euler-Chelpin	Eijkman, ChristiaanChristiaan Eijkman; Hopkins, Frederick GowlandFrederick Gowland Hopkins	Mann, ThomasThomas Mann	Kellogg, Frank B.Frank B. Kellogg	—
1930	Raman, VenkataVenkata Raman	Fischer, HansHans Fischer	Landsteiner, KarlKarl Landsteiner	Lewis, SinclairSinclair Lewis	Söderblom, NathanNathan Söderblom	—
1931	None	Bosch, CarlCarl Bosch; Bergius, FriedrichFriedrich Bergius	Warburg, Otto HeinrichOtto Heinrich Warburg	Karlfeldt, Erik AxelErik Axel Karlfeldt	Addams, JaneJane Addams; Butler, Nicholas MurrayNicholas Murray Butler	—
1932	Heisenberg, WernerWerner Heisenberg	Langmuir, IrvingIrving Langmuir	Sherrington, Charles ScottCharles Scott Sherrington; Adrian, Edgar DouglasEdgar Douglas Adrian	Galsworthy, JohnJohn Galsworthy	None	—
1933	Schrödinger, ErwinErwin Schrödinger; Dirac, Paul A.M.Paul A.M. Dirac	None	Morgan, Thomas HuntThomas Hunt Morgan	Bunin, IvanIvan Bunin	Angell, NormanNorman Angell	—
1934	None	Urey, Harold ClaytonHarold Clayton Urey	Whipple, GeorgeGeorge Whipple; Minot, GeorgeGeorge Minot; Murphy, William P.William P. Murphy	Pirandello, LuigiLuigi Pirandello	Henderson, ArthurArthur Henderson	—
1935	Chadwick, JamesJames Chadwick	Joliot, FrédéricFrédéric Joliot; Joliot-Curie, IreneIrene Joliot-Curie	Spemann, HansHans Spemann	None	von Ossietzky, CarlCarl von Ossietzky	—
1936	Hess, Victor F.Victor F. Hess; Anderson, Carl D.Carl D. Anderson	Debye, PeterPeter Debye	Dale, Henry HallettHenry Hallett Dale; Loewi, OttoOtto Loewi	O’Neill, EugeneEugene O’Neill	Lamas, Carlos SaavedraCarlos Saavedra Lamas	—
1937	Davisson, ClintonClinton Davisson; Thomson, George PagetGeorge Paget Thomson	Haworth, WalterWalter Haworth; Karrer, PaulPaul Karrer	Szent-Györgyi, AlbertAlbert Szent-Györgyi	du Gard, Roger MartinRoger Martin du Gard	Chelwood, Viscount, Cecil ofCecil of Chelwood, Viscount	—
1938	Fermi, EnricoEnrico Fermi	Kuhn, RichardRichard Kuhn[A]	Heymans, CorneilleCorneille Heymans	Buck, Pearl S.Pearl S. Buck	Nansen International Office For Refugees	—
1939	Lawrence, ErnestErnest Lawrence	Butenandt, AdolfAdolf Butenandt;[A] Ružička, LavoslavLavoslav Ružička	Domagk, GerhardGerhard Domagk[A]	Sillanpää, Frans EemilFrans Eemil Sillanpää	None	—
1940	None	None	None	None	None	—
1941	None	None	None	None	None	—
1942	None	None	None	None	None	—
1943	Stern, OttoOtto Stern	de Hevesy, GeorgeGeorge de Hevesy	Dam, HenrikHenrik Dam; Doisy, Edward AdelbertEdward Adelbert Doisy	None	None	—
1944	Rabi, Isidor IsaacIsidor Isaac Rabi	Hahn, OttoOtto Hahn	Erlanger, JosephJoseph Erlanger; Gasser, Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer Gasser	Jensen, Johannes VilhelmJohannes Vilhelm Jensen	International Committee of the Red Cross	—
1945	Pauli, WolfgangWolfgang Pauli	Virtanen, Artturi IlmariArtturi Ilmari Virtanen	Fleming, AlexanderAlexander Fleming; Chain, Ernst BorisErnst Boris Chain; Florey, Howard WalterHoward Walter Florey	Mistral, GabrielaGabriela Mistral	Hull, CordellCordell Hull	—
1946	Bridgman, Percy W.Percy W. Bridgman	Sumner, James B.James B. Sumner; Northrop, John HowardJohn Howard Northrop; Stanley, Wendell MeredithWendell Meredith Stanley	Muller, Hermann JosephHermann Joseph Muller	Hesse, HermannHermann Hesse	Balch, Emily GreeneEmily Greene Balch; Mott, JohnJohn Mott	—
1947	Appleton, Edward V.Edward V. Appleton	Robinson, RobertRobert Robinson	Cori, Carl FerdinandCarl Ferdinand Cori; Cori, Gerty TheresaGerty Theresa Cori; Houssay, BernardoBernardo Houssay	Gide, AndréAndré Gide	Friends Service Council; American Friends Service Committee	—
1948	Blackett, Patrick M.S.Patrick M.S. Blackett	Tiselius, ArneArne Tiselius	Müller, Paul HermannPaul Hermann Müller	Eliot, T. S.T. S. Eliot	None	—
1949	Yukawa, HidekiHideki Yukawa	Giauque, WilliamWilliam Giauque	Hess, Walter RudolfWalter Rudolf Hess; Moniz, António EgasAntónio Egas Moniz	Faulkner, WilliamWilliam Faulkner	Orr, John BoydJohn Boyd Orr	—
1950	Powell, CecilCecil Powell	Diels, OttoOtto Diels; Alder, KurtKurt Alder	Hench, Philip ShowalterPhilip Showalter Hench; Kendall, Edward CalvinEdward Calvin Kendall; Reichstein, TadeusTadeus Reichstein	Russell, BertrandBertrand Russell	Bunche, RalphRalph Bunche	—
1951	Cockcroft, JohnJohn Cockcroft; Walton, Ernest T.S.Ernest T.S. Walton	McMillan, EdwinEdwin McMillan; Seaborg, Glenn T.Glenn T. Seaborg	Theiler, MaxMax Theiler	Lagerkvist, PärPär Lagerkvist	Jouhaux, LéonLéon Jouhaux	—
1952	Bloch, FelixFelix Bloch; Purcell, E. M.E. M. Purcell	Martin, Archer John PorterArcher John Porter Martin; Synge, Richard Laurence MillingtonRichard Laurence Millington Synge	Waksman, SelmanSelman Waksman	Mauriac, FrançoisFrançois Mauriac	Schweitzer, AlbertAlbert Schweitzer	—
1953	Zernike, FritsFrits Zernike	Staudinger, HermannHermann Staudinger	Krebs, Hans AdolfHans Adolf Krebs; Lipmann, Fritz AlbertFritz Albert Lipmann	Churchill, WinstonWinston Churchill	Marshall, GeorgeGeorge Marshall	—
1954	Born, MaxMax Born; Bothe, WaltherWalther Bothe	Pauling, LinusLinus Pauling	Enders, John FranklinJohn Franklin Enders; Robbins, Frederick ChapmanFrederick Chapman Robbins; Weller, Thomas HuckleThomas Huckle Weller	Hemingway, ErnestErnest Hemingway	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	—
1955	Lamb, Willis E.Willis E. Lamb; Kusch, PolykarpPolykarp Kusch	du Vigneaud, VincentVincent du Vigneaud	Theorell, HugoHugo Theorell	Laxness, HalldórHalldór Laxness	None	—
1956	Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen; Brattain, Walter H.Walter H. Brattain; Shockley, William B.William B. Shockley	Hinshelwood, Cyril NormanCyril Norman Hinshelwood; Semenov, Nikolay NikolaevichNikolay Nikolaevich Semenov	Cournand, André FrédéricAndré Frédéric Cournand; Forssmann, WernerWerner Forssmann; Richards, Dickinson W.Dickinson W. Richards	Jiménez, Juan RamónJuan Ramón Jiménez	None	—
1957	Yang, Chen NingChen Ning Yang; Lee, Tsung-DaoTsung-Dao Lee	Todd, Lord (Alexander R.)Lord (Alexander R.) Todd	Bovet, DanielDaniel Bovet	Camus, AlbertAlbert Camus	Pearson, Lester B.Lester B. Pearson	—
1958	Cherenkov, Pavel A.Pavel A. Cherenkov; Frank, Il´ja M.Il´ja M. Frank; Tamm, Igor Y.Igor Y. Tamm	Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger	Beadle, George WellsGeorge Wells Beadle; Tatum, Edward LawrieEdward Lawrie Tatum; Lederberg, JoshuaJoshua Lederberg	Pasternak, BorisBoris Pasternak[B]	Pire, GeorgesGeorges Pire	—
1959	Segrè, EmilioEmilio Segrè; Chamberlain, OwenOwen Chamberlain	Heyrovský, JaroslavJaroslav Heyrovský	Kornberg, ArthurArthur Kornberg; Ochoa, SeveroSevero Ochoa	Quasimodo, SalvatoreSalvatore Quasimodo	Noel-Baker, Philip J.Philip J. Noel-Baker	—
1960	Glaser, Donald A.Donald A. Glaser	Libby, WillardWillard Libby	Burnet, Frank MacfarlaneFrank Macfarlane Burnet; Medawar, PeterPeter Medawar	Perse, Saint-JohnSaint-John Perse	Lutuli, AlbertAlbert Lutuli	—
1961	Hofstadter, RobertRobert Hofstadter; Mössbauer, RudolfRudolf Mössbauer	Calvin, MelvinMelvin Calvin	von Békésy, GeorgGeorg von Békésy	Andrić, IvoIvo Andrić	Hammarskjöld, DagDag Hammarskjöld	—
1962	Landau, LevLev Landau	Perutz, MaxMax Perutz; Kendrew, JohnJohn Kendrew	Crick, FrancisFrancis Crick; Watson, James D.James D. Watson; Wilkins, MauriceMaurice Wilkins	Steinbeck, JohnJohn Steinbeck	Pauling, LinusLinus Pauling	—
1963	Wigner, EugeneEugene Wigner; Goeppert-Mayer, MariaMaria Goeppert-Mayer; Jensen, J. Hans D.J. Hans D. Jensen	Ziegler, KarlKarl Ziegler; Natta, GiulioGiulio Natta	Eccles, John CarewJohn Carew Eccles; Hodgkin, Alan LloydAlan Lloyd Hodgkin; Huxley, AndrewAndrew Huxley	Seferis, GiorgosGiorgos Seferis	International Committee of the Red Cross; League of Red Cross societies	—
1964	Townes, Charles H.Charles H. Townes; Basov, Nicolay G.Nicolay G. Basov; Prokhorov, Aleksandr M.Aleksandr M. Prokhorov	Hodgkin, Dorothy CrowfootDorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin	Bloch, Konrad EmilKonrad Emil Bloch; Lynen, Feodor Felix KonradFeodor Felix Konrad Lynen	Sartre, Jean-PaulJean-Paul Sartre[C]	King, Jr., Martin LutherMartin Luther King, Jr.	—
1965	Tomonaga, Sin-ItiroSin-Itiro Tomonaga; Schwinger, JulianJulian Schwinger; Feynman, Richard P.Richard P. Feynman	Woodward, Robert BurnsRobert Burns Woodward	Jacob, FrançoisFrançois Jacob; Lwoff, André MichelAndré Michel Lwoff; Monod, JacquesJacques Monod	Sholokhov, Michail AleksandrovichMichail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov	United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)	—
1966	Kastler, AlfredAlfred Kastler	Mulliken, Robert S.Robert S. Mulliken	Rous, Francis PeytonFrancis Peyton Rous; Huggins, Charles BrentonCharles Brenton Huggins	Agnon, Shmuel YosefShmuel Yosef Agnon; Sachs, NellyNelly Sachs	None	—
1967	Bethe, HansHans Bethe	Eigen, ManfredManfred Eigen; Norrish, Ronald George WreyfordRonald George Wreyford Norrish; Porter, GeorgeGeorge Porter	Granit, RagnarRagnar Granit; Hartline, Haldan KefferHaldan Keffer Hartline; Wald, GeorgeGeorge Wald	Asturias, Miguel ÁngelMiguel Ángel Asturias	None	—
1968	Alvarez, LuisLuis Alvarez	Onsager, LarsLars Onsager	Holley, Robert W.Robert W. Holley; Khorana, Har GobindHar Gobind Khorana; Nirenberg, Marshall WarrenMarshall Warren Nirenberg	Kawabata, YasunariYasunari Kawabata	Cassin, RenéRené Cassin	—
1969	Gell-Mann, MurrayMurray Gell-Mann	Barton, DerekDerek Barton; Hassel, OddOdd Hassel	Delbrück, MaxMax Delbrück; Hershey, AlfredAlfred Hershey; Luria, SalvadorSalvador Luria	Beckett, SamuelSamuel Beckett	International Labour Organization	Frisch, Ragnar Anton KittilRagnar Anton Kittil Frisch; Tinbergen, JanJan Tinbergen
1970	Alfvén, HannesHannes Alfvén; Néel, LouisLouis Néel	Leloir, Luis F.Luis F. Leloir	Axelrod, JuliusJulius Axelrod; von Euler, UlfUlf von Euler; Katz, BernardBernard Katz	Solzhenitsyn, AleksandrAleksandr Solzhenitsyn	Borlaug, NormanNorman Borlaug	Samuelson, PaulPaul Samuelson
1971	Gabor, DennisDennis Gabor	Herzberg, GerhardGerhard Herzberg	Sutherland, Jr., Earl WilburEarl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr.	Neruda, PabloPablo Neruda	Brandt, WillyWilly Brandt	Kuznets, SimonSimon Kuznets
1972	Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen; Cooper, Leon NeilLeon Neil Cooper; Schrieffer, RobertRobert Schrieffer	Anfinsen, Christian B.Christian B. Anfinsen; Moore, StanfordStanford Moore; Stein, William HowardWilliam Howard Stein	Edelman, GeraldGerald Edelman; Porter, Rodney RobertRodney Robert Porter	Böll, HeinrichHeinrich Böll	None	Hicks, JohnJohn Hicks; Arrow, KennethKenneth Arrow
1973	Esaki, LeoLeo Esaki; Giaever, IvarIvar Giaever; Josephson, Brian D.Brian D. Josephson	Fischer, Ernst OttoErnst Otto Fischer; Wilkinson, GeoffreyGeoffrey Wilkinson	von Frisch, KarlKarl von Frisch; Lorenz, KonradKonrad Lorenz; Tinbergen, NikolaasNikolaas Tinbergen	White, PatrickPatrick White	Kissinger, HenryHenry Kissinger; Thọ, Lê ÐứcLê Ðức Thọ[D]	Leontief, WassilyWassily Leontief
1974	Ryle, MartinMartin Ryle; Hewish, AntonyAntony Hewish	Flory, PaulPaul Flory	Claude, AlbertAlbert Claude; de Duve, ChristianChristian de Duve; Palade, George EmilGeorge Emil Palade	Johnson, EyvindEyvind Johnson; Martinson, HarryHarry Martinson	MacBride, SeánSeán MacBride; Satō, EisakuEisaku Satō	Myrdal, GunnarGunnar Myrdal; Hayek, FriedrichFriedrich Hayek
1975	Bohr, Aage N.Aage N. Bohr; Mottelson, Ben R.Ben R. Mottelson; Rainwater, JamesJames Rainwater	Cornforth, JohnJohn Cornforth; Prelog, VladimirVladimir Prelog	Baltimore, DavidDavid Baltimore; Dulbecco, RenatoRenato Dulbecco; Temin, Howard MartinHoward Martin Temin	Montale, EugenioEugenio Montale	Sakharov, AndreiAndrei Sakharov	Kantorovich, LeonidLeonid Kantorovich; Koopmans, TjallingTjalling Koopmans
1976	Richter, BurtonBurton Richter; Ting, Samuel C.C.Samuel C.C. Ting	Lipscomb, WilliamWilliam Lipscomb	Blumberg, Baruch SamuelBaruch Samuel Blumberg; Gajdusek, Daniel CarletonDaniel Carleton Gajdusek	Bellow, SaulSaul Bellow	Williams, BettyBetty Williams; Corrigan, MaireadMairead Corrigan	Friedman, MiltonMilton Friedman
1977	Anderson, Philip W.Philip W. Anderson; Mott, Sir Nevill F.Sir Nevill F. Mott; van Vleck, John H.John H. van Vleck	Prigogine, IlyaIlya Prigogine	Guillemin, RogerRoger Guillemin; Schally, AndrewAndrew Schally; Yalow, Rosalyn SussmanRosalyn Sussman Yalow	Aleixandre, VicenteVicente Aleixandre	Amnesty International	Ohlin, BertilBertil Ohlin; Meade, JamesJames Meade
1978	Kapitsa, PyotrPyotr Kapitsa; Penzias, ArnoArno Penzias; Wilson, Robert WoodrowRobert Woodrow Wilson	Mitchell, Peter D.Peter D. Mitchell	Arber, WernerWerner Arber; Nathans, DanielDaniel Nathans; Smith, Hamilton O.Hamilton O. Smith	Singer, Isaac BashevisIsaac Bashevis Singer	Sadat, Anwar ElAnwar El Sadat; Begin, MenachemMenachem Begin	Simon, HerbertHerbert Simon
1979	Glashow, SheldonSheldon Glashow; Salam, AbdusAbdus Salam; Weinberg, StevenSteven Weinberg	Brown, Herbert C.Herbert C. Brown; Wittig, GeorgGeorg Wittig	Cormack, Allan McLeodAllan McLeod Cormack; Hounsfield, GodfreyGodfrey Hounsfield	Elytis, OdysseasOdysseas Elytis	Teresa, MotherMother Teresa	Schultz, TheodoreTheodore Schultz; Lewis, ArthurArthur Lewis
1980	Cronin, JamesJames Cronin; Fitch, ValVal Fitch	Berg, PaulPaul Berg; Gilbert, WalterWalter Gilbert; Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger	Benacerraf, BarujBaruj Benacerraf; Dausset, JeanJean Dausset; Snell, George DavisGeorge Davis Snell	Miłosz, CzesławCzesław Miłosz	Esquivel, Adolfo PérezAdolfo Pérez Esquivel	Klein, LawrenceLawrence Klein
1981	Bloembergen, NicolaasNicolaas Bloembergen; Schawlow, Arthur L.Arthur L. Schawlow; Siegbahn, Kai M.Kai M. Siegbahn	Fukui, KenichiKenichi Fukui; Hoffmann, RoaldRoald Hoffmann	Sperry, Roger W.Roger W. Sperry; Hubel, David H.David H. Hubel; Wiesel, Torsten N.Torsten N. Wiesel	Canetti, EliasElias Canetti	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	Tobin, JamesJames Tobin
1982	Wilson, Kenneth G.Kenneth G. Wilson	Klug, AaronAaron Klug	Bergström, SuneSune Bergström; Samuelsson, Bengt I.Bengt I. Samuelsson; Vane, John RobertJohn Robert Vane	Márquez, Gabriel GarcíaGabriel García Márquez	Myrdal, AlvaAlva Myrdal; Robles, Alfonso GarcíaAlfonso García Robles	Stigler, GeorgeGeorge Stigler
1983	Chandrasekhar, SubramanyanSubramanyan Chandrasekhar; Fowler, William A.William A. Fowler	Taube, HenryHenry Taube	McClintock, BarbaraBarbara McClintock	Golding, WilliamWilliam Golding	Wałęsa, LechLech Wałęsa	Debreu, GérardGérard Debreu
1984	Rubbia, CarloCarlo Rubbia; van der Meer, SimonSimon van der Meer	Merrifield, Robert BruceRobert Bruce Merrifield	Jerne, Niels KajNiels Kaj Jerne; Köhler, Georges J. F.Georges J. F. Köhler; Milstein, CésarCésar Milstein	Seifert, JaroslavJaroslav Seifert	Tutu, DesmondDesmond Tutu	Stone, RichardRichard Stone
1985	von Klitzing, KlausKlaus von Klitzing	Hauptman, Herbert A.Herbert A. Hauptman; Karle, JeromeJerome Karle	Brown, Michael StuartMichael Stuart Brown; Goldstein, Joseph L.Joseph L. Goldstein	Simon, ClaudeClaude Simon	International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War	Modigliani, FrancoFranco Modigliani
1986	Ruska, ErnstErnst Ruska; Binnig, GerdGerd Binnig; Rohrer, HeinrichHeinrich Rohrer	Herschbach, Dudley R.Dudley R. Herschbach; Lee, Yuan T.Yuan T. Lee; Polanyi, John C.John C. Polanyi	Cohen, StanleyStanley Cohen; Levi-Montalcini, RitaRita Levi-Montalcini	Soyinka, WoleWole Soyinka	Wiesel, ElieElie Wiesel	Buchanan, James M.James M. Buchanan
1987	Bednorz, J. GeorgJ. Georg Bednorz; Müller, K. AlexK. Alex Müller	Cram, Donald J.Donald J. Cram; Lehn, Jean-MarieJean-Marie Lehn; Pedersen, Charles J.Charles J. Pedersen	Tonegawa, SusumuSusumu Tonegawa	Brodsky, JosephJoseph Brodsky	Arias, ÓscarÓscar Arias	Solow, RobertRobert Solow
1988	Lederman, Leon M.Leon M. Lederman; Schwartz, MelvinMelvin Schwartz; Steinberger, JackJack Steinberger	Deisenhofer, JohannJohann Deisenhofer; Huber, RobertRobert Huber; Michel, HartmutHartmut Michel	Black, James W.James W. Black; Elion, Gertrude B.Gertrude B. Elion; Hitchings, George H.George H. Hitchings	Mahfouz, NaguibNaguib Mahfouz	United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces	Allais, MauriceMaurice Allais
1989	Ramsey, Norman F.Norman F. Ramsey; Dehmelt, Hans G.Hans G. Dehmelt; Paul, WolfgangWolfgang Paul	Altman, SidneySidney Altman; Cech, ThomasThomas Cech	Bishop, J. MichaelJ. Michael Bishop; Varmus, Harold E.Harold E. Varmus	Cela, Camilo JoséCamilo José Cela	Gyatso, TenzinTenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama	Haavelmo, TrygveTrygve Haavelmo
1990	Friedman, Jerome I.Jerome I. Friedman; Kendall, Henry W.Henry W. Kendall; Taylor, Richard E.Richard E. Taylor	Corey, Elias JamesElias James Corey	Murray, JosephJoseph Murray; Thomas, E. DonnallE. Donnall Thomas	Paz, OctavioOctavio Paz	Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev	Markowitz, HarryHarry Markowitz; Miller, MertonMerton Miller; Sharpe, William ForsythWilliam Forsyth Sharpe
1991	de Gennes, Pierre-GillesPierre-Gilles de Gennes	Ernst, Richard R.Richard R. Ernst	Neher, ErwinErwin Neher; Sakmann, BertBert Sakmann	Gordimer, NadineNadine Gordimer	Suu Kyi, Aung SanAung San Suu Kyi	Coase, RonaldRonald Coase
1992	Charpak, GeorgesGeorges Charpak	Marcus, Rudolph A.Rudolph A. Marcus	Fischer, Edmond H.Edmond H. Fischer; Krebs, Edwin G.Edwin G. Krebs	Walcott, DerekDerek Walcott	Menchú, RigobertaRigoberta Menchú	Becker, GaryGary Becker
1993	Hulse, Russell A.Russell A. Hulse; Taylor, Jr., Joseph H.Joseph H. Taylor, Jr.	Mullis, KaryKary Mullis; Smith, MichaelMichael Smith	Roberts, Richard J.Richard J. Roberts; Sharp, Phillip AllenPhillip Allen Sharp	Morrison, ToniToni Morrison	Mandela, NelsonNelson Mandela; de Klerk, Frederik WillemFrederik Willem de Klerk	Fogel, RobertRobert Fogel; North, DouglassDouglass North
1994	Brockhouse, Bertram N.Bertram N. Brockhouse; Shull, Clifford G.Clifford G. Shull	Olah, George AndrewGeorge Andrew Olah	Gilman, Alfred G.Alfred G. Gilman; Rodbell, MartinMartin Rodbell	Oe, KenzaburoKenzaburo Oe	Arafat, YasserYasser Arafat; Peres, ShimonShimon Peres; Rabin, YitzhakYitzhak Rabin	Harsanyi, JohnJohn Harsanyi; Nash, John ForbesJohn Forbes Nash; Selten, ReinhardReinhard Selten
1995	Perl, Martin L.Martin L. Perl; Reines, FrederickFrederick Reines	Crutzen, Paul J.Paul J. Crutzen; Molina, Mario J.Mario J. Molina; Rowland, Frank SherwoodFrank Sherwood Rowland	Lewis, Edward B.Edward B. Lewis; Nüsslein-Volhard, ChristianeChristiane Nüsslein-Volhard; Wieschaus, Eric F.Eric F. Wieschaus	Heaney, SeamusSeamus Heaney	Rotblat, JosephJoseph Rotblat; Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs	Lucas, Jr., RobertRobert Lucas, Jr.
1996	Lee, David M.David M. Lee; Osheroff, Douglas D.Douglas D. Osheroff; Richardson, Robert ColemanRobert Coleman Richardson	Curl Jr., Robert F.Robert F. Curl Jr.; Kroto, HaroldHarold Kroto; Smalley, RichardRichard Smalley	Doherty, Peter C.Peter C. Doherty; Zinkernagel, Rolf M.Rolf M. Zinkernagel	Szymborska, WisławaWisława Szymborska	Belo, Carlos Filipe XimenesCarlos Filipe Ximenes Belo; Ramos-Horta, JoséJosé Ramos-Horta	Mirrlees, JamesJames Mirrlees; Vickrey, WilliamWilliam Vickrey
1997	Chu, StevenSteven Chu; Cohen-Tannoudji, ClaudeClaude Cohen-Tannoudji; Phillips, William D.William D. Phillips	Boyer, Paul D.Paul D. Boyer; Walker, John E.John E. Walker; Skou, Jens ChristianJens Christian Skou	Prusiner, Stanley B.Stanley B. Prusiner	Fo, DarioDario Fo	International Campaign to Ban Landmines; Williams, JodyJody Williams	Merton, Robert C.Robert C. Merton; Scholes, MyronMyron Scholes
1998	Laughlin, Robert B.Robert B. Laughlin; Störmer, Horst L.Horst L. Störmer; Tsui, Daniel C.Daniel C. Tsui	Kohn, WalterWalter Kohn; Pople, JohnJohn Pople	Furchgott, Robert F.Robert F. Furchgott; Ignarro, Louis J.Louis J. Ignarro; Murad, FeridFerid Murad	Saramago, JoséJosé Saramago	Hume, JohnJohn Hume; Trimble, DavidDavid Trimble	Sen, AmartyaAmartya Sen
1999	Hooft, Gerardus ‘tGerardus ‘t Hooft; Veltman, Martinus J.G.Martinus J.G. Veltman	Zewail, AhmedAhmed Zewail	Blobel, GünterGünter Blobel	Grass, GünterGünter Grass	Médecins Sans Frontières	Mundell, RobertRobert Mundell
2000	Alferov, Zhores I.Zhores I. Alferov; Kroemer, HerbertHerbert Kroemer; Kilby, JackJack Kilby	Heeger, Alan J.Alan J. Heeger; MacDiarmid, AlanAlan MacDiarmid; Shirakawa, HidekiHideki Shirakawa	Carlsson, ArvidArvid Carlsson; Greengard, PaulPaul Greengard; Kandel, EricEric Kandel	Xingjian, GaoGao Xingjian	Jung, Kim DaeKim Dae Jung	Heckman, JamesJames Heckman; McFadden, DanielDaniel McFadden
2001	Cornell, Eric A.Eric A. Cornell; Ketterle, WolfgangWolfgang Ketterle; Wieman, Carl E.Carl E. Wieman	Knowles, William S.William S. Knowles; Noyori, RyojiRyoji Noyori; Sharpless, Karl BarryKarl Barry Sharpless	Hartwell, Leland H.Leland H. Hartwell; Hunt, TimTim Hunt; Nurse, PaulPaul Nurse	Naipaul, V. S.V. S. Naipaul	United Nations; Annan, KofiKofi Annan	Akerlof, GeorgeGeorge Akerlof; Spence, MichaelMichael Spence; Stiglitz, Joseph E.Joseph E. Stiglitz
2002	Davis, Jr., RaymondRaymond Davis, Jr.; Koshiba, MasatoshiMasatoshi Koshiba; Giacconi, RiccardoRiccardo Giacconi	Fenn, John BennettJohn Bennett Fenn; Tanaka, KoichiKoichi Tanaka; Wüthrich, KurtKurt Wüthrich	Brenner, SydneySydney Brenner; Horvitz, H. RobertH. Robert Horvitz; Sulston, John E.John E. Sulston	Kertész, ImreImre Kertész	Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter	Kahneman, DanielDaniel Kahneman; Smith, Vernon L.Vernon L. Smith
2003	Abrikosov, Alexei A.Alexei A. Abrikosov; Ginzburg, Vitaly L.Vitaly L. Ginzburg; Leggett, Anthony J.Anthony J. Leggett	Agre, PeterPeter Agre; MacKinnon, RoderickRoderick MacKinnon	Lauterbur, PaulPaul Lauterbur; Mansfield, PeterPeter Mansfield	Coetzee, J. M.J. M. Coetzee	Ebadi, ShirinShirin Ebadi	Engle, Robert F.Robert F. Engle; Granger, CliveClive Granger
2004	Gross, David J.David J. Gross; Politzer, H. DavidH. David Politzer; Wilczek, FrankFrank Wilczek	Ciechanover, AaronAaron Ciechanover; Hershko, AvramAvram Hershko; Rose, IrwinIrwin Rose	Axel, RichardRichard Axel; Buck, Linda B.Linda B. Buck	Jelinek, ElfriedeElfriede Jelinek	Maathai, WangariWangari Maathai	Kydland, Finn E.Finn E. Kydland; Prescott, Edward C.Edward C. Prescott
2005	Glauber, Roy J.Roy J. Glauber; Hall, John L.John L. Hall; Hänsch, Theodor W.Theodor W. Hänsch	Chauvin, YvesYves Chauvin; Grubbs, Robert H.Robert H. Grubbs; Schrock, Richard R.Richard R. Schrock	Marshall, BarryBarry Marshall; Warren, RobinRobin Warren	Pinter, HaroldHarold Pinter	International Atomic Energy Agency; ElBaradei, MohamedMohamed ElBaradei	Aumann, RobertRobert Aumann; Schelling, ThomasThomas Schelling
2006	Mather, John C.John C. Mather; Smoot, George F.George F. Smoot	Kornberg, Roger D.Roger D. Kornberg	Fire, AndrewAndrew Fire; Mello, CraigCraig Mello	Pamuk, OrhanOrhan Pamuk	Yunus, MuhammadMuhammad Yunus; Grameen Bank	Phelps, EdmundEdmund Phelps
2007	Fert, AlbertAlbert Fert; Grünberg, PeterPeter Grünberg	Ertl, GerhardGerhard Ertl	Capecchi, MarioMario Capecchi; Evans, MartinMartin Evans; Smithies, OliverOliver Smithies	Lessing, DorisDoris Lessing	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Gore, AlAl Gore	Hurwicz, LeonidLeonid Hurwicz; Maskin, EricEric Maskin; Myerson, RogerRoger Myerson
2008	Nambu, YoichiroYoichiro Nambu; Kobayashi, MakotoMakoto Kobayashi; Maskawa, ToshihideToshihide Maskawa	Shimomura, OsamuOsamu Shimomura; Chalfie, MartinMartin Chalfie; Tsien, Roger Y.Roger Y. Tsien	zur Hausen, HaraldHarald zur Hausen; Barré-Sinoussi, FrançoiseFrançoise Barré-Sinoussi; Montagnier, LucLuc Montagnier	Le Clézio, Jean-Marie GustaveJean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio	Ahtisaari, MarttiMartti Ahtisaari	Krugman, PaulPaul Krugman

gandhi peace prize

Gandhi Peace Prize Recipients

No	Year	Name	Recipient Description
1.	1995	Julius Nyerere	1st President of Tanzania
2.	1996	A. T. Ariyaratne	Founder of Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement
3.	1997	Gerhard Fischer
4.	1998	Ramakrishna Mission	Founded by Swami Vivekananda
5.	1999[1]	Baba Amte	Social Worker
6.	2000	Nelson Mandela (co-recipient)	Former President of South Africa
7.	2000	Grameen Bank (co-recipient)	Founded by Muhammad Yunus
8.	2001[2]	John Hume	Northern Irish Politician
9.	2002	Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
10.	2003	Václav Havel
11.	2004	Coretta Scott King	Widow of Martin Luther King
12.	2005[3]	Desmond Tutu	South African cleric and activist
13.	2006[4]	Nelson Mandela	Former South African president